Bootstrap replaces the need for closed-form math. You simulate the sampling distribution by resampling your own data. Amber dots = data points sampled more than once.
Bootstrap Sampling - Interactive Visualization
Bootstrap resampling estimates the sampling distribution of any statistic without parametric assumptions. Sample with replacement from the original data B times, compute the statistic each time, and use the distribution of bootstrap statistics as a proxy for the sampling distribution. This visualization animates the resampling process and shows the bootstrap distribution building up.
Watch resampling with replacement: some points appear twice, some not at all
See bootstrap distribution of mean/median/std build as samples accumulate
Compute percentile confidence intervals from the bootstrap distribution
Adjust B (bootstrap samples) to see distribution converge
Foundation for bootstrap confidence intervals in scikit-learn and statsmodels
Part of the EngineersOfAI Interactive 3D - free interactive visualizations covering every major concept in machine learning and AI engineering. Hover any element for a plain-English explanation. No code required.